Artificial intelligence has made tremendous progress in recent years. However, the ever-increasing demand for computational power required to train large neural networks has also led to spiralling energy costs. If AI is to fulfil its true potential of solving humanity’s grand challenges, we need a new computing paradigm that can massively scale AI in a sustainable way. Extropic AI may have just cracked the code with their new approach of “thermodynamic computing.” So, let’s take a deeper dive into what they’re building.
Table of Contents
About Extropic AI
Extropic AI is a startup company founded by Gill Pratt and Trevor Trevarthen. The company is building a new kind of computer, which they call “Thermodynamic Computers.” These computers could potentially be orders of magnitude more powerful than even the most powerful supercomputers today.
What is Thermodynamic Computing?
Thermodynamic computing leverages the natural thermal fluctuations in matter as a computational resource. Unlike classical digital bits or even quantum qubits, thermodynamic computers directly harness the jittery motions of electrons at nanoscales.
The Motivativation Behind Thermodynamic Computer
Extropic’s founder, Gill, explained how this idea came to him years ago after studying the fundamental equations of thermodynamics and information theory. He realized nature itself provides a bias towards growth and expanding intelligence – in essence, thermodynamic computers are closer to how our brains actually work.

Extropic AI Circuits
Rather than fighting noise like in traditional chips, Extropic designs circuits that shape and control thermal fluctuations to perform machine learning as a physical process. The technology essentially runs AI algorithms directly as analog circuits continuously varying over parameters. This represents a true evolutionary fork away from the digital computing paradigm into a thermodynamic regime unlocking unprecedented efficiencies.

How Thermodynamic Computer Works
1. Inputs
Thermodynamic computers take in abstract specifications of energy-based models (EBMs) as inputs. These define the probabilistic distributions to be represented.
2. Parameters
The computers encode data as continuous fuzzy values within parameterized analog circuits. Key parameters that can be tuned include inductance, capacitance, and control voltages/currents of various hardware components like inductors. Tuning these modifies the steady-state probability distributions that electrons naturally sample from due to thermal fluctuations.
3. Outputs
By sculpting the hardware’s probability distributions, the computers produce samples from those distributions as outputs. This physical sampling natively accelerates algorithms that require Monte Carlo sampling from complex distributions, like various deep probabilistic models. Additionally, the sampled outputs effectively run the specified machine learning algorithms as differentiable physical processes that directly update the parameters.
Overall, thermodynamic computers take EBM specifications as inputs, represent the defined distributions through adjustable analog hardware parameters, and produce samples from those distributions as outputs – physically performing AI via intrinsic heat-driven fluctuations rather than deterministic logic.
Exclusive First Look Inside Extropic
Gill and Trevor, the co-founders of Extropic AI, recently gave an exclusive behind-the-scenes tour of their nanofabrication lab and superconducting chip prototypes on S³ News. It provided fascinating insights into their groundbreaking work developing a new class of hardware for AI based on thermodynamic principles. So, check it below if you’re interested:
Key Goals of Extropic
1. Develop the Most Energy Efficient Computing Technology
Extropic’s superconducting chips aim to be the most energy efficient processors in the world by harnessing intrinsic thermal fluctuations. This allows passive operation with energy only spent during measurements.
2. Target High Value Early Markets
The early superconducting devices target low-volume customers like governments, banks, and private clouds who value maximum efficiency and performance.
3. Achieve Massive Scale with Semiconductors
Room temperature semiconductor versions trade some efficiency for scalability using standard fab processes. This will enable applications across many markets via inexpensive expansion cards.
4. Develop a Universal Software Framework
A compilation layer allows algorithms to run across different hardware substrates. Factor graphs decompose programs to run on analog cores or future larger devices.
5. Enable Powerful New Algorithm Classes
Moreover, probabilistic techniques like probabilistic programming have become practical. This opens doors in sciences like healthcare, climate modelling, etc, requiring fat-tailed distribution modelling.
Overall, Extropic aims to develop the foundation for a thermodynamic computing paradigm that can massively scale artificial intelligence worldwide in a low-energy, sustainable way.
What Thermodynamic Computing Practically Means for the World
According to Extropic’s insights, here’s what thermodynamic computing practically means:
1. Continued Exponential Growth of Computing Power
Thermodynamic computers bypass Moore’s Law limitations by implementing computation directly through matter’s thermal dynamics. This extends hardware scaling to fuel further exponential growth necessary to solve increasingly complex problems.
2. Ultra-Low Cost AI Acceleration
Moreover, by achieving orders of magnitude gains in speed and efficiency over digital chips, thermodynamic accelerators can scale AI techniques globally at energy costs comparable to existing infrastructure. This makes advanced analytics accessible everywhere.
3. New Scientific Paradigms Unlocked
Algorithms that were previously infeasible have come online to drive step changes in fields like materials research, drug discovery, astrophysics simulations, and more. This spurs waves of innovation across science and technology.
4. Intelligence Augmentation for All
Moreover, thermodynamic computers herald a new era where low-energy intelligent systems are ubiquitous, augmenting human potential in every application. This radically transforms productivity, quality of life and how society is organized.
The Future of Computing
Overall, Extropic AI’s work on thermodynamic computing represents a paradigm shift in how we think about and implement AI systems. By harnessing the power of noise and randomness, they are paving the way for a future where computing is no longer constrained by the limitations of digital logic. Additionally, as they continue to refine their technology and make it accessible to a wider audience, the impact of their work could reverberate across various industries and disciplines.
| Also Read Latest From Us
- Forget Towers: Verizon and AST SpaceMobile Are Launching Cellular Service From Space

- This $1,600 Graphics Card Can Now Run $30,000 AI Models, Thanks to Huawei

- The Global AI Safety Train Leaves the Station: Is the U.S. Already Too Late?

- The AI Breakthrough That Solves Sparse Data: Meet the Interpolating Neural Network

- The AI Advantage: Why Defenders Must Adopt Claude to Secure Digital Infrastructure







